Rethinking Jihād and Martyrdom in Islam Insights from the Battle of Mu’tah beyond the Western Paradigm

Abstract

This article reevaluates the concept of jihād within Islamic tradition, aiming to unveil its complex nature and separate it from the prevalent Western misconceptions that link jihād exclusively to extremism and violence. By grounding the discussion in the historical event of the Battle of Mu’tah, it not only illuminates a pivotal moment in Islamic military history but also provides insights into the spiritual and legal foundations of jihād as perceived within the wider Islamic intellectual and theological tradition. The Battle of Mu’tah, recognized as the first significant military confrontation between the early Muslim community and the Byzantine Empire, acts as a prism to trace the development of jihād from its origins in the time of Prophet Muhammad to its lasting impact on Islamic identity. The analysis goes beyond mere military conflict, probing into the interpretations of jihād found in both Sīrah and Ḥadīth, especially the Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, which places the battle in the context of Islamic valour, martyrdom, and divine providence. By recounting the Battle of Mu’tah and its legacy, the article highlights the strategic, spiritual, and ethical considerations, alongside the steadfast faith in Allāh, amid adversity and persecution that have guided Islamic military efforts. This examination calls for a more enlightened and respectful conversation about Islamic tradition, urging Western readers to question their biases and preconceptions rooted in political rhetoric. It seeks to foster a greater appreciation for the intricate tapestry of Islamic thought and its significant contributions to world history, deepening the understanding of jihād’s role in defining the spiritual and cultural dimensions of the Muslim world.